'... a metal conducts and a non-metal doesn't'

Area of Science:

• Condensed Matter Physics
• Materials Science
• Quantum Chemistry

Background:

• The distinction between metals and non-metals is not absolute and depends on temperature.
• Experimental studies must occur above absolute zero (0 K), often at much higher temperatures.
• Understanding the metal-non-metal transition is crucial for various materials and chemical elements.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review theoretical and experimental aspects of the metal-non-metal transition.
• To illustrate insights into complex phenomena and experimental systems related to this transition.
• To emphasize the role of atomic properties and historical theories in understanding conductivity.

Main Methods:

• Review of experimental studies on doped semiconductors near absolute zero (0.03 K).
• Analysis of fluid chemical elements at high temperatures (>1000 K).
• Examination of historical theoretical frameworks, including pre-quantum descriptions.

Main Results:

• The metal-non-metal transition is observed in doped semiconductors and fluid elements under varying temperature conditions.
• A 'Mott metal to non-metal transition' is highlighted in elements like rubidium, caesium, and mercury.
• The converse metallization transition is noted in hydrogen and oxygen.

Conclusions:

• Atomic properties significantly influence the metallic or non-metallic state of elements.
• Historical theories by Goldhammer and Herzfeld provide foundational insights into the transition.
• The concept of 'Mott metal to non-metal transition' offers a framework for understanding conductivity changes.