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Related Concept Videos

Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Azimuths and Bearings01:19

Azimuths and Bearings

Azimuths and bearings are essential concepts in surveying, providing methods to express the direction of a line relative to a meridian. Azimuths refer to the clockwise angle measured from the north end of a reference meridian to the given line, ranging from zero to 360 degrees. This method gives a comprehensive directional reference within a full 360-degree circle, making it a straightforward way to communicate direction in various fields, including navigation, cartography, and...
Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
Photosystems contain many pigment molecules, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, arranged in a particular organization across two domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
Meridians01:28

Meridians

In surveying, meridians are vital reference lines to measure directions and establish accurate land orientations. Meridians run from the north to the south poles, providing a stable framework for angular measurements and mapping. Meridians are fundamental in survey design, with the primary types being astronomic, magnetic, and assumed meridians. Each type offers distinct benefits and limitations, selected based on the project's scale and precision needs.The astronomic meridian is aligned with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop
07:43

Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop

Published on: July 2, 2018

Mariner 9 star photography.

T E Thorpe

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mariner 9 star photography validated vidicon performance and calibration. This data aids in absolute photometric reduction, crucial for accurate Mars imaging, though spectral radiance and point spread function knowledge are needed.

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop
    07:43

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    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Astrophysics
    • Image Analysis

    Background:

    • Mariner 9 mission objectives included detailed observation of Mars.
    • Vidicon cameras were employed for image acquisition.
    • Accurate photometric data is essential for planetary surface analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To validate mathematical predictions of point source response for vidicons.
    • To present preflight calibration data for Camera-B.
    • To assess the suitability of star data for absolute photometric reduction.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of star photography taken by the Mariner 9 spacecraft.
    • Evaluation of Camera-B limiting magnitude and integrated image data.
    • Discussion of the impact of image motion on star detection.

    Main Results:

    • Successful photography confirmed vidicon performance predictions and calibration.
    • Photometric data consistency was found to be better than 15%.
    • The data suggests a reliable calibration source for astronomical observations.

    Conclusions:

    • Mariner 9 star data provides a valuable reference for photometric calibration.
    • Precise recalibration of Mars imagery necessitates detailed knowledge of Mars spectral radiance and camera point spread function.
    • Image motion significantly affects star detection thresholds.