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Related Concept Videos

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis01:22

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This method involves protein separation by two dimensions, mass and charge, making it more accurate than one-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The first dimension separation uses the isoelectric focusing or IEF technique performed on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips that separate proteins according to their isoelectric points.
Biological samples, such as  cells...
Composite Bodies00:55

Composite Bodies

A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
Composite bodies have widespread applications in mechanical engineering, from automobiles to aircraft to rockets. For example, an automobile wheel comprises...
Non-ohmic Devices00:51

Non-ohmic Devices

In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
Consider a simple circuit consisting of a battery, a diode, and a resistor. A diode...
SDS-PAGE01:27

SDS-PAGE

Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
A variation of gel electrophoresis, termed  polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is commonly used for separating proteins according to their molecular size by passing them through a polyacrylamide gel. Because of the varying charges associated with amino acid side chains, PAGE can be used to separate intact proteins...
Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display
09:04

Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

Published on: January 14, 2020

New page-composer for holographic data storage.

B Hill, K P Schmidt

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Single crystal Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) enables fast, high-contrast binary data display. Its thermal band edge shift allows for rapid modulation of transmittance in a page-composer device.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Solid-State Physics

    Background:

    • Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) single crystals possess a steep band edge at 0.515 micrometers.
    • Modulating transmittance via thermal band edge shifts is a key optical principle.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a matrix-addressed page-composer for binary data presentation.
    • To utilize the thermal properties of CdS for optical modulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Applying short switching pulses (20-50 V) to transparent heating elements.
    • Inducing a 70°C temperature shift in thin CdS crystals within 100 microseconds.
    • Utilizing time-multiplex heating for fast parallel switching.

    Main Results:

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    Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization
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    Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

    Published on: July 5, 2016

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    Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display
    09:04

    Recording Ultra-Realistic Full-Color Analog Holograms for Use in a Moving Hologram Display

    Published on: January 14, 2020

    Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
    08:48

    Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

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  • Achieved contrast ratios exceeding 800 and optical efficiencies of 50% in 10-20 micrometer thick samples.
  • Demonstrated fast parallel switching of 25 elements in a 5x5 CdS-page-composer.
  • Confirmed feasibility of larger arrays (16x18) with millisecond accessibility.
  • Conclusions:

    • CdS single crystals are effective for high-performance page-composer applications.
    • The thermal modulation technique offers a viable path for rapid binary data display.
    • Scalable matrix addressing in page-composers is achievable with this technology.