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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
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Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Published on: July 18, 2015

The diffraction grating-an opinionated appraisal.

G R Harrison

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Recent advances in diffraction grating ruling are reviewed, highlighting the use of interferometry and electronics for ruling engine control. This technology enhances precision in optical component manufacturing.

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    Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
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    Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

    Published on: July 18, 2015

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    10:39

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    Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

    Published on: November 21, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Precision Engineering

    Background:

    • Diffraction gratings are crucial optical components.
    • Ruling engines are used to create gratings.
    • Technological advancements are essential for improving grating quality.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review advancements in diffraction grating ruling over the past 25 years.
    • To highlight the integration of interferometry and electronics in ruling engine control.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of scientific literature and technological developments.
    • Analysis of the impact of interferometry on ruling engine precision.
    • Examination of electronic control systems for ruling engines.

    Main Results:

    • Significant improvements in diffraction grating ruling precision.
    • Successful application of interferometry for enhanced ruling engine control.
    • Integration of advanced electronics leading to greater automation and accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • Interferometry and electronics have revolutionized diffraction grating ruling.
    • These advancements enable the production of higher-quality optical components.
    • The reviewed technologies represent a significant leap in precision engineering for optics.