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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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Echelle gratings: their testing and improvement.

G R Harrison, E G Loewen, R S Wiley

    Applied Optics
    |February 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    New large echelle gratings with high blaze angles achieve high resolution and speed. Very high blaze angles increase dispersion for compact spectrometers, with minimal resolution gain beyond 63 degrees.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Diffraction Gratings

    Background:

    • Large echelle gratings are crucial for high-resolution spectroscopy.
    • Gravitational distortion of grating blanks can introduce defects during ruling.
    • Optimizing blaze angles is key to maximizing grating performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test new, very large echelle gratings with high blaze angles.
    • To investigate methods for reducing ruling defects in large gratings.
    • To compare the performance of echelles with varying blaze angles.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized interferometrically controlled ruling engines for grating production.
    • Employed calibrated edge-supporting springs to mitigate gravitational distortion.
    • Ruled gratings on fused silica blanks with specified dimensions and groove densities.

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  • Compared echelles with blaze angles ranging from tangents of 2 to 8.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully produced large echelle gratings (up to 400 x 600 mm) with high blaze angles (e.g., 63.4 degrees).
    • Reduced gravitational distortion defects using edge-supporting springs.
    • Achieved resolutions exceeding 10^6 with a 63.4-degree blazed echelle.
    • Found minimal resolution gain beyond 63 degrees, with increased optical defects at steeper angles.

    Conclusions:

    • Large echelle gratings with high blaze angles offer high speed and resolution.
    • Very high blaze angles enhance intrinsic dispersion, enabling compact spectrometer designs.
    • Blaze angles around 63 degrees provide near-optimal resolution, balancing performance and optical integrity.