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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Application of Linearization and Approximation

A drone flying through complex terrain often relies on more than one sensing method to estimate small changes in altitude. Along with direct measurements, air pressure provides a useful indirect indicator of vertical movement. Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, and this relationship is commonly described using an exponential model. Although accurate, converting pressure measurements into altitude values requires calculations that are too complex to perform repeatedly during...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy
06:28

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Published on: July 29, 2021

Instrumentation for remote sensing solar radiation from light aircraft.

J A Howard, I J Barton

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details aircraft instrumentation for measuring solar radiation and ground albedo. Results show plant community albedo varies with measurement methods, highlighting differences between narrow-beam and global sensors.

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    Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

    Published on: December 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Earth and Space Sciences
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • Studying ground surface solar radiation and albedo is crucial for understanding Earth's energy balance.
    • Aircraft-based measurements offer a unique perspective for large-scale albedo assessments.
    • Previous methods may have limitations in capturing spectral or directional albedo variations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the specialized instrumentation for airborne measurement of incoming and reflected solar radiation.
    • To evaluate the performance of different pyranometer types (narrow-beam vs. global) for albedo determination.
    • To compare airborne albedo measurements with ground-based data.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a light aircraft equipped with a global shortwave radiometer on the roof.
    • Mounted a downward-pointing aerial camera, narrow-beam pyranometer, and global shortwave pyranometer.
    • Calibrated pyranometers against a standard Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer.

    Main Results:

    • Determined calibration factors for airborne pyranometers.
    • Observed distinct albedo trends for major plant communities.
    • Calculated albedo values differed significantly based on whether a narrow-beam or global sensor was used.
    • Found good agreement between airborne and ground-measured albedos.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed airborne instrumentation is effective for studying surface albedo.
    • The choice of downward-pointing radiometer significantly impacts albedo measurements.
    • Airborne remote sensing provides valuable data for characterizing vegetation albedo across landscapes.