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Related Concept Videos

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction01:17

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary alcohols.
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:18

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Aldehydes are more reactive than carboxylic acids and hence, can get over-reduced to alcohol in the presence of strong reducing agents. Therefore, carboxylic acids are inefficient in preparing aldehydes using LAH.
Carboxylic acid derivatives like acid chlorides and esters are more easily reducible than the corresponding acids. The derivatives reduce in the presence of mild reducing agents to give aldehydes. Aldehydes can also be prepared by Rosenmund reduction, that is, the reduction of acid...
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid.

Jiali Zhang1, Haijun Yang, Guangxia Shen

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|February 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

We found that individual graphene oxide sheets can be easily reduced using L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) under mild conditions. This method offers a simple way to produce water-soluble graphene on a large scale.

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Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
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Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
07:24

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
10:23

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) is a precursor to graphene, but its reduction can be challenging.
  • Developing scalable and mild reduction methods for GO is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a simple and mild method for reducing graphene oxide sheets.
  • To explore the potential of this method for large-scale production of water-soluble graphene.

Main Methods:

  • Reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets.
  • Utilizing L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) as a reducing agent under mild conditions.

Main Results:

  • Successful reduction of graphene oxide sheets was achieved.
  • The L-ascorbic acid method proved effective under mild conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The L-ascorbic acid reduction method is a practical approach for producing water-soluble graphene.
  • This technique holds promise for large-scale industrial applications of graphene.