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Related Concept Videos

Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing more...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a high...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...

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The Bioconjugation and Radiosynthesis of 89Zr-DFO-labeled Antibodies
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Unconventional nuclides for radiopharmaceuticals.

Jason P Holland1, Matthew J Williamson, Jason S Lewis

  • 1Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Molecular Imaging
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Nuclear medicine is expanding, driving research into new radiopharmaceuticals beyond standard PET and SPECT agents. This review covers 60 radionuclides for novel diagnostic and therapeutic drugs, including safety for prevalent PET nuclides.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Growing use of nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy fuels radiopharmaceutical research.
  • Traditional research focused on positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radionuclides (e.g., 11C, 18F, 99mTc).
  • Advancements in cyclotron technology and purification methods enable broader use of "nonstandard" radionuclides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physical characteristics of 60 radionuclides for next-generation radiopharmaceutical development.
  • To highlight potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these radionuclides.
  • To address radiation safety and shielding considerations for high-energy gamma-ray emitters.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physical properties of 60 radionuclides (beta+, beta-, gamma-ray, alpha-particle emitters).
  • Discussion of potential applications in diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
  • Analysis of radiation safety and shielding requirements, focusing on prevalent PET nuclides (64Cu, 68Ga, 86Y, 89Zr, 124I).

Main Results:

  • Identified 60 radionuclides with potential for novel radiopharmaceutical design.
  • Detailed physical characteristics and decay properties relevant to medical applications.
  • Highlighted safety considerations for commonly used and emerging PET radionuclides.

Conclusions:

  • The expanding landscape of nuclear medicine necessitates exploration of diverse radionuclides beyond conventional choices.
  • A comprehensive understanding of radionuclide properties and safety is crucial for developing advanced radiopharmaceuticals.
  • Emerging PET nuclides offer significant promise for future diagnostic and therapeutic innovations.