Encapsulation and stabilization of gold nanoparticles with "click" polyethyleneglycol dendrimers

Water-soluble arene-cored "clicked" and non-"clicked" dendrimers terminated by 27, 81, and 243 triethyleneglycol (TEG) tethers (respectively generations G0, G1, and G2) have been synthesized and shown to form dendrimer-encapsulated gold nanoparticles (DEAuNPs) and dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles (DSAuNPs). The dendrimers have been characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, size-exclusion chromatography, elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, DOSY NMR, and dynamic light scattering. The AuNPs have been generated and stabilized by these PEGylated dendrimers using a variety of reduction modes, including NaBH(4) in methanol, various single-electron metallocene-type reductants, and even in the absence of additional reductants. The active role of the "clicked" triazole rings, dendrimer generation, stoichiometry of Au precursor, and nature of the reductant and of the solvent are delineated, leading to DSAuNPs with the G0 dendrimer and smaller DEAuNPs with the G1 and G2 dendrimers. Altogether, AuNPs in the size range from 1.8 to 42 nm were formed and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. Both 1,2,3-triazole and PEGylated Percec-type dendrons are required in the dendrimer structure for the stabilization of AuNPs upon NaBH(4) reduction of HAuCl(4) in methanol. On the other hand, in the absence of other reductant in water, only PEGylated Percec-type dendrons in dendrimers were found to be indispensable, because of their semicavitand shape, for the spontaneous reduction of HAuCl(4) and stabilization of DSAuNPs.