Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving01:09

Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving

Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
Temperature is a key factor in CO2 solubility. In this case, the CO2 gas and the liquid are cooled to 20°C. Lower temperatures enhance...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Objective sensor placement for sampling regional turbidity.

Atmospheric environment·1978
Same author

An experimental study of the effects of aerosols on diffuse and direct solar radiation received during the summer near Chicago.

Atmospheric environment·1976
Same journal

Multifunctional reconfigurable terahertz metasurface based on vanadium dioxide phase transition: achieving broadband absorption and efficient polarization conversion.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-Q-factor electromagnetically induced transparency utilizing quasi-bound states in the continuum in an all-dielectric terahertz metasurface.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Automated stitching interferometry for high-precision metrology of X-ray mirrors.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Experimental demonstration of an approach to designing a metal-dielectric DBR resonant cavity structure.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-precision wavefront reconstruction from a single-shot interferogram using a physics-driven hybrid feature calibration network.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Ultra-high-Q Fano resonance based on coupled topological corner states in Kagome photonic crystals.

Applied optics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques
10:53

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Published on: March 12, 2019

Atmospheric turbulence parameters from visual resolution.

M L Wesely, Z I Derzko

    Applied Optics
    |February 6, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Atmospheric turbulence causes image blurring. This study uses direct visual observations to measure refractive index structure, C(n)(2), in the lower atmosphere, showing good agreement with meteorological data.

    More Related Videos

    Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
    13:02

    Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

    Published on: February 27, 2016

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
    10:35

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

    Published on: February 12, 2013

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques
    10:53

    Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

    Published on: March 12, 2019

    Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
    13:02

    Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

    Published on: February 27, 2016

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
    10:35

    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

    Published on: February 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Meteorology
    • Optical engineering

    Background:

    • Atmospheric turbulence significantly degrades image quality, particularly in long-distance observations.
    • Quantifying atmospheric turbulence, specifically the refractive index structure function coefficient C(n)(2), is crucial for optical system design and performance prediction.
    • Previous methods for measuring C(n)(2) often rely on complex instrumentation or indirect estimations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a method for measuring line averages of C(n)(2) using direct visual observations of image blurring.
    • To compare these optical measurements with traditional meteorological point measurements.
    • To investigate the influence of surface conditions (dry land vs. water) on atmospheric turbulence and image degradation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing direct visual observations of image blurring caused by atmospheric turbulence.
    • Calculating line averages of the refractive index structure function coefficient C(n)(2) along specific lines of sight.
    • Comparing optical measurements with simultaneous meteorological data (temperature and humidity fluctuations).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved good agreement between optically derived C(n)(2) values and meteorological point measurements.
    • Demonstrated the method's effectiveness over both dry land surfaces (dominated by temperature fluctuations) and water surfaces (where humidity fluctuations are also significant).
    • Found no evidence of optical saturation effects influencing the measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • Direct visual observation provides a viable and accurate method for line-averaged C(n)(2) measurements in the lower atmosphere.
    • The simplified formula for long-exposure, limiting-resolution angles is validated by these findings.
    • Understanding turbulence contributions from both temperature and humidity is essential for accurate optical performance prediction.