Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 16, 2026
06:09
Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Reliability of the glenoid plane.
Lieven F De Wilde1, T Verstraeten, W Speeckaert
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. lieven.dewilde@Ugent.be
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|February 9, 2010
Summary
The inferior glenoid plane offers a reliable 3D reference point for shoulder surgery due to its consistent retroversion. This finding aids in reproducible glenoid component placement in prosthetic procedures.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedic surgery
- Anatomy
- Biomechanical analysis
Background:
- Accurate 3-dimensional (3-D) glenoid orientation is crucial for successful shoulder prosthetic surgery.
- Existing methods for defining the glenoid plane exhibit variability.
- A reliable anatomical landmark is needed for consistent surgical planning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the 3-D orientation of the glenoid and scapular planes.
- To identify the most reliable glenoid plane definition with the least variation.
- To evaluate the potential of osseous anthropometry for reproducible surgical reference.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 150 computed tomography (CT) scans of nonpathological shoulders.
- Determination of the scapular plane and five distinct glenoid planes (inferior, anterior, posterior, superior, neutral).
- Measurement of version and inclination angles for all defined planes in a standardized position.
Main Results:
- The inferior glenoid plane demonstrated significantly lower standard deviation in version compared to anterior, posterior, and superior planes (P < .001).
- Inclination variance was similar across all measured glenoid planes.
- Scapular plane orientation differed between genders (P=.022) and correlated with age.
Conclusions:
- The retroversion of the inferior glenoid plane is consistently stable.
- The osseous anthropometry of the inferior glenoid provides a reproducible reference point.
- This finding supports its utility in prosthetic shoulder surgery for improved accuracy.
Related Concept Videos
01:09Functional Classification of Joints
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
01:19Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus
The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...