[Correction of corneal astigmatism with toric lenses : Theory and clinical aspects]

In the last decades, the implantation of pseudophakic and phakic toric lenses has become widespread for correcting corneal astigmatism: in cataract surgery cases with implantation of a posterior chamber lens and in refractive surgery cases with implantation of phakic lenses. The purpose of this educational and training article is to familiarize the reader with the application of pseudophakic and phakic toric lenses, to show which parameters are necessary for calculating toric lenses, to present a matrix-based calculation scheme for pseudophakic and phakic toric lenses, to explicitly demonstrate the step-by-step calculations with clinical examples, and to show the impact of lens dislocation (especially rotation) on refractive outcome.