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What do Arabic numerals mean to macaques (Macaca mulatta)?

Emily H Harris1, Jonathan P Gulledge, Michael J Beran

  • 1Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA. eharris11@gsu.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes
|February 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Rhesus macaques understand Arabic numerals represent quantities. These primates can use numerals for tasks, showing comprehension of their approximate values.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive science
  • Animal behavior
  • Primate cognition

Background:

  • Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) can utilize Arabic numerals.
  • Previous research did not clarify if macaques grasp numeral quantity concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate rhesus macaques' understanding of absolute and relative numeral values.
  • To determine if macaques comprehend the quantitative meaning of Arabic numerals.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Pairwise comparisons of numerals versus analog quantities.
  • Experiment 2: Using numeral cues to guide reward-based behavior frequency.

Main Results:

  • Monkeys selected larger quantities in numeral-analog comparisons.
  • Three out of four macaques exceeded chance performance in the behavioral task, though with some over-performance.

Conclusions:

  • Rhesus macaques demonstrate knowledge of approximate quantities associated with Arabic numerals.
  • These findings suggest a deeper numerical cognition in non-human primates.