Transdermal nortriptyline hydrocloride patch formulated within a chitosan matrix intended to be used for smoking
José Juan Escobar-Chávez1, Virginia Merino, Octavio Díez-Sales
1Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. josejuanescobarchavez@gmail.com
Objective:
The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize both physically and biopharmaceutically, a nortriptyline hydrochloride (NTP-HCl) patch formulated in chitosan.
Methods:
16 g of each chitosan patch formulation (I, II and III, see Table 1 ) was poured onto rectangular glass plates (64 cm²) at a height of 1 mm and dried for 24 h at room temperature. In order to characterize the chitosan patches, polarized microscopy, in vitro skin permeation studies by passive diffusion and iontophoresis and rheological and bioadhesion studies were performed.
Results:
Polarized microscopy revealed the absence of aggregates and crystal forms of NTP-HCl in all transdermal patches after 30 days of storage. The rheological behavior of Patches I, II and III was predominantly elastic. The low level of adhesion of Patch III (containing PF-127 + 1-dodecanol) could be a result of the interactions between chitosan and PF-127 in the presence of 1-dodecanol. Patches I and II had approximately the same value of adhesion (≈ 60 mN.mm). The transdermal patch with chitosan, PF-127 and 1-dodecanol (Patch III) provided a reasonable flux of NTP-HCl across the skin compared with Patches I and II. Iontophoresis applied to the patches did not increase the penetration of NTP-HCl across the skin.
Conclusions:
The data suggest that Patch III is suitable for use in clinical practice pending further studies.
Related Concept Videos
01:18Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
01:26Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems
01:22Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
01:23Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants
Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
01:24Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics
01:11Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems