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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Social capital and glucose control.

Judith A Long1, Sam Field, Katrina Armstrong

  • 1Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, 1201 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA. jalong@mail.med.upenn.edu

Journal of Community Health
|February 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neighborhoods where residents collaborate to improve their community are linked to better diabetes management. This social connection may be key to controlling glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Social Epidemiology
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • The escalating diabetes epidemic necessitates understanding social determinants of disease control.
  • Social capital, linked to health outcomes, may influence glucose regulation.
  • Investigating neighborhood social capital's role in diabetes management is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between neighborhood social capital and glucose control in Black veterans with diabetes.
  • To determine if this association persists independently of individual factors.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of Black veterans with diabetes in Philadelphia.
  • Merging individual survey/chart data with area-level social capital descriptors.
  • Analyzing the relationship between neighborhood social capital measures and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Main Results:

  • Living in neighborhoods with high "working together" social capital was associated with better glucose control (lower HbA1c).
  • Patients in the 5th percentile of this social capital measure had HbA1c levels over 1 point higher than the control threshold (≤8%).
  • Patients in the 95th percentile had HbA1c levels over 0.5 points below the control threshold.

Conclusions:

  • Neighborhood social capital, specifically residents working together, is associated with improved diabetes glucose control.
  • This finding highlights the importance of community-level social factors in managing diabetes.
  • Targeting social capital interventions may offer a novel approach to diabetes care.