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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

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[Croatian Thyroid Society guidelines for rational detection of thyroid dysfunction].

Zvonko Kusić1, Tomislav Jukić, Maja Franceschi

  • 1Klinika za onkologiju i nuldearnu medicinu, KB Sestremilosrdnice, Zagreb. zvonko.kusic@zg.t-com.hr

Lijecnicki Vjesnik
|February 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study presents evidence-based guidelines for detecting thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The recommendations aim for a rational and clinically relevant approach in diagnostic testing.

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Diagnostics
  • Public Health

Context:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is a prevalent condition, particularly affecting women.
  • Thyroid diagnostic tests are frequently utilized in clinical practice.
  • Existing guidelines from various thyroid societies inform current diagnostic strategies.

Purpose:

  • To develop evidence-based guidelines for the rational detection of thyroid dysfunction.
  • To provide a framework for diagnosing hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
  • To align clinical practice with international standards and national traditions.

Summary:

  • An interdisciplinary expert team reviewed international publications and guidelines from other thyroid societies.
  • New guidelines were developed based on tradition and clinical practice for thyroid dysfunction detection.
  • The guidelines focus on a rational, evidence-based approach to diagnosing thyroid disorders.

Impact:

  • Facilitate more accurate and efficient diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction.
  • Improve patient outcomes through timely and appropriate thyroid testing.
  • Standardize the approach to thyroid disorder detection in clinical settings.