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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Induction of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Mice Using the Distal Middle Artery Occlusion Technique
Published on: December 15, 2023
Protection by D609 through cell-cycle regulation after stroke
Rao Muralikrishna Adibhatla1, James F Hatcher
1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792-3232, USA. adibhatl@neurosurg.wisc.edu
D609 treatment after stroke significantly reduced brain infarction by inhibiting sphingomyelin synthase, increasing ceramide levels, and inducing cell-cycle arrest. This neuroprotective effect involves up-regulating p21 and hypophosphorylating Rb.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Biochemistry
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Stroke induces alterations in cell-cycle regulating proteins.
- Cell-cycle inhibition demonstrates significant reduction in stroke-induced infarction.
- Ceramide induces cell-cycle arrest via Cdk inhibitors p21/p27 and PP2A activation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of D609 after stroke.
- To determine D609's effect on ceramide levels, cell-cycle proteins, and cerebral infarction.
Main Methods:
- Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
- Administration of Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609).
- Analysis of ceramide levels, sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) activity, p21, p27, and phospho-retinoblastoma (pRb) expression.
Main Results:
- D609 inhibited SMS, increasing ceramide levels post-tMCAO.
- D609 significantly reduced cerebral infarction size.
- D609 upregulated p21 and downregulated pRb expression, indicating cell-cycle arrest.
Conclusions:
- D609 confers neuroprotection against stroke by inhibiting SMS and increasing ceramide.
- D609 induces cell-cycle arrest through p21 upregulation and Rb hypophosphorylation.
- D609's mechanism involves enhanced protein phosphatase activity and/or Cdk inhibition.
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