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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Are hepatitis B virus "subgenotypes" defined accurately?

Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim1, Samad Amini-Bavil-Olyaee, Philippe Lemey

  • 1Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium. marc.vanranst@uzleuven.be

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
|February 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotype classification is proposed. Phylogenetic analysis reveals some HBV genotype A strains are "quasi-subgenotypes," not definite subgenotypes, suggesting geographical origin influences classification.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Recent reports include novel hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes lacking clear definition.
  • Specifically, HBV genotype A has seen the introduction of poorly defined subgenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a thorough reanalysis of all HBV genotype A subgenotypes.
  • To propose a new, standardized classification system for HBV.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic reconstruction of all HBV genotype A1-A6 full-length genomes.
  • Genetic distance calculations to assess evolutionary relationships.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic analysis identified four distinct clusters within HBV genotype A strains.
  • Only HBV subgenotypes A1, A2, and A6 met criteria for definite subgenotype classification.
  • HBV subgenotypes A3, tentative A4, and A5 were classified as "quasi-subgenotypes" based on phylogenetic and genetic distance data.

Conclusions:

  • Phylogenetic analysis indicates that some HBV genotype A strains do not qualify as definitive subgenotypes.
  • "Quasi-subgenotypes," primarily of African origin, represent an intermediate classification between clade and subgenotype.
  • Geographical origin is a significant factor for future HBV subgenotype classification.