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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

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Infrared spectrometer: liquid-helium-cooled rocketborne circular-variable filter.

|February 16, 2010

Summary

This study describes an infrared spectrometer used on rockets to measure atmospheric emissions between 45 km and 200 km. The instrument detected ozone and carbon dioxide as dominant high-altitude atmospheric emission features.

Area of Science:

Atmospheric Science
Spectroscopy
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

High-altitude atmospheric emissions provide crucial data for understanding Earth's climate and atmospheric processes.
Previous measurement techniques may have limitations in spectral range or resolution at these altitudes.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel infrared spectrometer designed for atmospheric emission measurements from rocket platforms.
To detail the instrument's capabilities and performance characteristics for high-altitude atmospheric research.
To present initial findings on dominant atmospheric emission features observed during the ICECAP Auroral Measurements Program.

Main Methods:

An infrared spectrometer utilizing a circular-variable interference filter (CVF) was deployed on rockets.

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Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

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The instrument scanned the 6.75-23.2-microm spectral region at 2 scans/sec with 3-4% spectral resolution.

The spectrometer's optical components and detector were cryogenically cooled to below 10 K in a high-vacuum Dewar system.

Main Results:

The infrared spectrometer successfully obtained atmospheric emission spectra from 45 km to 200 km altitude.
The noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR) was measured to be better than 1 x 10(-11) (W cm(-2)sr(-1)microm(-1)) at 22 micrometers.
Dominant high-altitude atmospheric emission features identified were 9.6-microm O(3) (ozone) and 15-microm CO(2) (carbon dioxide).

Conclusions:

The developed infrared spectrometer is effective for characterizing high-altitude atmospheric emissions.
The observed ozone and carbon dioxide emissions are significant features in the upper atmosphere.
This technology advances the capability for in-situ remote sensing of atmospheric composition from space.