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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Cellular Injury II: Classification01:21

Cellular Injury II: Classification

Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical injury...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
09:33

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

Published on: February 7, 2018

[Oxidative tissue damage].

A J Augustin1

  • 1Augenklinik, Klinikum Karlsruhe. albertjaugustin@googlemail.com

Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde
|February 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oxidative stress, an imbalance of oxidative metabolites and antioxidants, significantly impacts health. The eye is particularly vulnerable due to its composition and constant exposure, contributing to diseases like glaucoma and macular degeneration.

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Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage
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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Oxidative stress arises from an excess of oxidative metabolites or a deficit of antioxidants.
  • Reactive oxygen species, derived from molecular oxygen, can directly damage cells or trigger secondary oxidative reactions.
  • Cells possess defense mechanisms against oxidative damage, yet many diseases are linked to oxidative processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of oxidative stress in various ocular diseases.
  • To highlight the eye's susceptibility to oxidative damage.
  • To discuss the mechanisms linking oxidative stress to conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oxidative stress and ocular pathologies.
  • Analysis of biochemical pathways involved in oxidative damage in the eye.
  • Examination of the role of specific factors like advanced glycation end products and photodynamic processes.

Main Results:

  • The eye is highly susceptible to oxidative stress due to constant exposure and the biochemical nature of ocular tissues, particularly the retina.
  • Oxidative processes are implicated in the initiation and progression of ocular diseases including ocular ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
  • Advanced glycation end products contribute to oxidative reactions and growth factor expression in diabetic retinopathy, while photodynamic processes are key in age-related macular degeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative stress is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of major eye diseases.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting oxidative stress pathways may offer new avenues for treating vision-threatening conditions.