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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

Published on: September 17, 2019

Genetic and Environmental Transactions Underlying Educational Attainment.

Wendy Johnson¹, Ian J Deary, William G Iacono

¹Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh.

|February 18, 2010

Summary

Genetic and environmental factors influencing intelligence and education differ based on intelligence levels. Environmental influences on grades were stronger for lower intelligence, while genetic influences on education were stronger for higher intelligence.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

Published on: September 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Behavioral Genetics
Educational Psychology
Human Intelligence

Background:

The interplay between intelligence and educational outcomes is complex.
Understanding the genetic and environmental underpinnings of this relationship is crucial for educational and developmental research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how genetic and environmental influences on intelligence (IQ) moderate their effects on school grades and educational attainment.
To examine differential pathways linking IQ and educational variables across the spectrum of cognitive ability.

Main Methods:

Utilized a population-representative longitudinal twin study design.
Included two birth cohorts to analyze genetic and environmental influences.
Examined the moderating role of IQ levels on the association between intelligence and education.

Main Results:

Non-shared environmental influences on school grades were significant at lower IQ levels, diminishing as IQ increased.
Shared environmental influences between IQ and educational attainment were prominent at lower IQ levels.
Genetic influences common to IQ and education were stronger at higher IQ levels.

Conclusions:

The causal mechanisms connecting intelligence and educational variables are IQ-dependent.
Environmental factors play a more significant role in academic success for individuals with lower intelligence.
Genetic factors become increasingly important for educational attainment in individuals with higher intelligence.