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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging
09:10

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging

Published on: July 16, 2021

Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit complement activation by secreting factor H.

Zhidan Tu1, Qing Li, Hong Bu

  • 1Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Stem Cells and Development
|February 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) suppress inflammation by secreting factor H, inhibiting complement activation. This discovery reveals a new mechanism for MSCs broad immunosuppressive capabilities in innate immunity.

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Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
06:20

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

Published on: December 24, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging
09:10

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Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
06:20

Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

Published on: December 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit potent immunosuppressive properties, crucial for treating inflammatory diseases.
  • While MSCs' effects on adaptive immunity are known, their role in innate immunity, specifically complement, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether MSCs inhibit complement activation within the innate immune system.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanism of MSC-mediated complement inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • MSCs were cultured, and their conditioned media was analyzed for complement inhibitory factors.
  • Factor H levels in MSC secretions were assessed, and its role was confirmed by depletion experiments.
  • The impact of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6) and specific inhibitors (indomethacin, 1-MT) on factor H production was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • MSCs constitutively secrete factor H, a potent inhibitor of complement activation.
  • Depletion of factor H from MSC-conditioned media eliminated complement inhibitory activity.
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enhanced, while IL-6 did not affect, factor H production.
  • Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors suppressed factor H production.

Conclusions:

  • MSCs inhibit complement activation through the secretion of factor H.
  • Factor H production by MSCs is modulated by inflammatory cytokines and specific inhibitors.
  • This mechanism contributes to the broad immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs in innate immunity.