Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures
Published on: May 22, 2021
Diagnosis of bovine-associated parapoxvirus infections in humans: molecular and epidemiological evidence
A MacNeil1, E Lederman, M G Reynolds
1Poxvirus Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. aho3@cdc.gov
Abstract:
Orf virus, pseudocowpox virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus, are parapoxviruses, associated with domestic ruminants, which are capable of causing cutaneous infections in humans. Owing to virtually identical appearances in humans, clinical differentiation of these viruses is difficult. We discuss three recent occurrences of parapoxvirus infection, involving contact with domestic bovine and use a combination of molecular and epidemiological data in the diagnosis. These cases underscore the utility of modern diagnostic tools, along with species-specific contact information in acquiring a definitive diagnosis, in the case of suspected parapoxvirus infection.
Related Concept Videos
Smallpox
Poliomyelitis
Toxoplasmosis
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks
