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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...

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Related Experiment Video

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Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp
09:58

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

Published on: February 3, 2014

Annular converging wave cavity.

R A Chodzko, S B Mason, E F Cross

    Applied Optics
    |February 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel resonator design creates an annular geometric mode using spherical mirrors. This new resonator achieves near-diffraction-limited beam quality in experiments with a continuous-wave hydrogen fluoride laser.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Resonator design is critical for controlling laser beam properties.
    • Annular modes offer unique advantages in beam shaping and propagation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize a new resonator capable of generating an annular geometric mode.
    • To evaluate the beam quality of the generated annular mode.

    Main Methods:

    • A four-element cavity was designed, incorporating an external confocal unstable resonator with specific coupling and feedback mirrors.
    • The resonator configuration was optimized to form an annular mode.
    • Experiments were conducted using a continuous-wave (cw) hydrogen fluoride (HF) laser.
    • Mode patterns and far-field beam quality were experimentally observed and measured.

    Main Results:

    • A stable annular geometric mode was successfully generated.
    • Far-field measurements demonstrated near-diffraction-limited beam quality.
    • A peak on-axis intensity mode was observed on the convex mirror.
    • A nearly uniform annular mode was visible on the flat feedback mirror.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed resonator effectively generates a diverging annular output beam with high beam quality.
    • The resonator design is suitable for applications requiring annular beams, such as those with annular gain media.
    • This work advances resonator technology for tailored beam generation.