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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.

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Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
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Published on: July 2, 2012

Modulated submillimeter laser interferometer system for plasma density measurements.

S M Wolfe, K J Button, J Waldman

    Applied Optics
    |February 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new interferometer system accurately measures electron densities in high-density tokamaks. This advanced tool enhances plasma diagnostics for fusion energy research.

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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    Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
    07:17

    Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

    Published on: August 1, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Plasma Physics
    • Fusion Energy Research
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • High-density tokamaks require precise electron density measurements for plasma control.
    • Existing diagnostic methods may lack the resolution or sensitivity for these demanding environments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and present a high-resolution submillimeter interferometer system.
    • To enable accurate electron density measurements within the 10^14 to 2 x 10^15 cm^-3 range.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizes phase modulation via difference frequency mixing of two cavity-tuned laser oscillators.
    • Employs optically pumped CH3OH lasers operating at 118.8-micrometers with a novel output coupling design.
    • Detects beat signals using a newly developed Ge:Li photoconductor for phase shift measurement.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high resolution for electron density measurements in high-density tokamaks.
    • Demonstrated a novel output coupling design for CH3OH lasers, ensuring good mode quality and low beam divergence.
    • Developed a sensitive phase measurement technique unaffected by amplitude or frequency fluctuations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed interferometer system is suitable for electron density diagnostics in high-density tokamaks.
    • The novel laser and detector technologies contribute to improved plasma measurement capabilities.
    • This system advances the tools available for fusion energy research and plasma physics studies.