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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage (40-300 kV) X-Ray Facilities
06:51

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Published on: February 20, 2021

Radiation standards.

E J Giliham

    Applied Optics
    |February 20, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) establishes standards and provides calibrations for spectral measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges. This ensures accurate characterization of light sources and detectors.

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    Area of Science:

    • Metrology
    • Spectroscopy
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Accurate spectral measurements are crucial for scientific research and technological applications.
    • The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) plays a key role in maintaining measurement standards.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the NPL's methods for establishing standards in spectral emission and detector sensitivity.
    • To outline the calibration procedures and achievable accuracy in the uv, visible, and near ir ranges.

    Main Methods:

    • Establishment of primary and secondary spectral measurement standards.
    • Development and application of calibration techniques for light sources and detectors.
    • Quantification of measurement uncertainty and accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • Defined standards for spectral emission and detector sensitivity.
    • Validated calibration procedures across uv, visible, and near ir spectra.
    • Demonstrated high accuracy in spectral measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The NPL provides reliable standards and calibrations for spectral measurements.
    • These services support accurate scientific and industrial applications in optical metrology.