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Related Concept Videos

Beats01:09

Beats

The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.

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Time-dependent changes in nasal ciliary beat frequency.

J Ulrich Sommer1, Shalini Gross, Karl Hörmann

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany. ulrich.sommer@umm.de

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nasal ciliary beat frequency (CBF) initially increases ex vivo, then plateaus for 6 hours, before declining. Reliable CBF measurements are possible between 3 and 9 hours post-explantation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Cell biology
  • Respiratory physiology

Background:

  • Ex vivo nasal ciliary cells have limited lifespan, requiring immediate analysis.
  • Changes in ex vivo ciliary beat frequency (CBF) over time are not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal changes in ex vivo ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human nasal epithelial cells.
  • To determine the optimal time window for reliable ex vivo CBF measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Nasal epithelial cells were collected from 19 healthy volunteers.
  • Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured using phase-contrast microscopy and high-speed digital video over 12 hours.
  • Temperature was controlled at 22°C.

Main Results:

  • Ex vivo CBF increased significantly by 47% in the first 3 hours.
  • A plateau phase for CBF was observed between 3 and 9 hours.
  • After 9 hours, CBF decreased linearly, reaching 20% of baseline at 12 hours, with significant interindividual variance.

Conclusions:

  • The initial 3-hour period is unsuitable for reliable ex vivo CBF measurements due to rapid changes.
  • The plateau phase (3-9 hours) offers the most reliable window for ex vivo CBF assessment.
  • Significant decrease and interindividual variability in CBF occur after 9 hours.