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Related Concept Videos

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

[Urology].

M Wisard1, G Pescia

  • 1Centre de procréation médicalement assistée (CPMA), Vigie 5, 1003 Lausanne.

Revue Medicale Suisse
|February 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early prostate cancer detection studies show conflicting survival benefits. While one study found no improvement, another reported reduced mortality but increased morbidity, highlighting the need for better patient selection and active surveillance strategies.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

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Transurethral Instillation Procedure in Adult Male Mouse
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Transurethral Instillation Procedure in Adult Male Mouse

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Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Published on: November 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Preventive Medicine

Context:

  • Conflicting results from major prostate cancer early detection studies (American vs. European) necessitate re-evaluation of screening protocols.
  • The European study indicated a 20% reduction in prostate cancer mortality but noted significant morbidity and overtreatment concerns.
  • Current screening methods for prostate cancer lack optimal patient selection, leading to unnecessary biopsies and treatment.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the outcomes of large-scale prostate cancer early detection studies and their implications for clinical practice.
  • To explore advanced diagnostic tools like the PCA3 urine test for improved patient stratification.
  • To evaluate the role of active surveillance for latent prostate cancer and the efficacy of certain supplements in prevention.

Summary:

  • Contradictory findings exist regarding the survival benefits of early prostate cancer detection.
  • The PCA3 genetic test shows promise in selecting patients for further investigation after negative initial biopsies.
  • Active surveillance is a viable option for managing latent prostate cancer without compromising long-term prognosis.
  • Vitamins E and C, along with Selenium, have not demonstrated efficacy in preventing prostate cancer.

Impact:

  • Highlights the need for refined patient selection criteria in prostate cancer screening to minimize overtreatment and morbidity.
  • Suggests that the PCA3 test could improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the need for repeat biopsies.
  • Supports active surveillance as a safe and effective management strategy for specific prostate cancer cases.
  • Provides evidence against the use of specific vitamins and Selenium for prostate cancer prevention, guiding public health recommendations.