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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems01:32

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
One of the factors influencing λmax is the extent of conjugation in the...
Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
08:49

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

Published on: December 1, 2023

Concentric spectrographs.

L Mertz

    Applied Optics
    |February 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed new geometric optical designs for diffraction grating spectrographs. These novel concentric configurations provide significant advantages and excellent image quality, even at high numerical apertures.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Traditional diffraction grating spectrographs face limitations in image quality and numerical aperture.
    • Advancements in optical design are crucial for improving spectroscopic instrumentation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel class of geometric optical configurations for diffraction grating spectrographs.
    • To demonstrate the advantages of these new designs over conventional arrangements.
    • To experimentally validate the image quality achievable with the proposed configurations.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of novel geometric optical configurations.
    • Theoretical analysis of the proposed designs.
    • Experimental demonstration and characterization of image quality.

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
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    Published on: December 1, 2023

    A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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    A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

    Published on: December 30, 2025

    High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis
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    High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

    Published on: December 22, 2015

    Main Results:

    • Introduction of a new class of concentric optical configurations for spectrographs.
    • Demonstration of significant advantages compared to traditional spectrograph designs.
    • Experimental evidence of excellent image quality at high numerical aperture.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel concentric configurations represent a significant advancement in diffraction grating spectrograph design.
    • These designs offer superior performance, particularly in achieving high image quality at high numerical apertures.
    • The findings pave the way for improved spectroscopic instrumentation.