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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Interferometric study of a solid-solid phase transition.

L J Soltzberg, M W Athearn, J E Levy

    Applied Optics
    |February 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers measured refractive indices of p-diiodobenzene during a phase transition. This transition decreases charge carrier mobility by reducing intermolecular orbital overlap and narrowing the conduction band.

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    Published on: October 31, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Solid-state physics
    • Materials science
    • Photoconductor research

    Background:

    • Polymorphic phase transitions can significantly alter material properties.
    • Understanding charge carrier mobility is crucial for photoconductor applications.
    • Refractive index changes offer insights into molecular and electronic structure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure the principal refractive indices of p-diiodobenzene.
    • To observe refractive index changes during a polymorphic phase transition.
    • To correlate these changes with alterations in charge carrier mobility.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Lebedeff-type double beam interference microscope.
    • Measured three principal refractive indices of p-diiodobenzene.
    • Analyzed refractive index data to calculate changes in polarizability.

    Main Results:

    • Observed changes in refractive indices during the phase transition.
    • Calculated the change in polarizability for each principal vibration direction.
    • Found that the phase transition decreases intermolecular orbital overlap.

    Conclusions:

    • The decreased orbital overlap narrows the p-type conduction band.
    • This narrowing explains the observed sharp drop in hole carrier mobility.
    • Refractive index and polarizability changes provide a mechanism for understanding photoconductor behavior shifts.