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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations01:23

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
09:32

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Published on: January 26, 2016

Thermal expansion data for eight optical materials from 60 K to 300 K.

J S Browder, S S Ballard

    Applied Optics
    |February 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reports thermal expansion coefficients for eight optical materials between 60 K and room temperature. Data covers common infrared optics like zinc sulfide and germanium, crucial for optical engineering.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optical Engineering
    • Solid State Physics

    Background:

    • Accurate thermal expansion data is critical for designing optical systems that operate across a range of temperatures.
    • Understanding material behavior under thermal stress prevents optical element failure and performance degradation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally determine the linear thermal expansion coefficients for eight key optical materials.
    • To provide essential data for engineers designing optical systems for variable temperature environments.
    • To characterize the anisotropic thermal expansion of crystalline magnesium fluoride, KDP, and lithium niobate.

    Main Methods:

    • Measurements were conducted using interferometric techniques over a temperature range from 60 K to room temperature (approx. 295 K).

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
    09:32

    Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

    Published on: January 26, 2016

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    A Simple Dewar/Cryostat for Thermally Equilibrating Samples at Known Temperatures for Accurate Cryogenic Luminescence Measurements
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    Published on: July 19, 2016

  • Linear thermal expansion coefficients were determined for samples including Polytran KCl, Polytran CaF2, CVD ZnS, CVD ZnSe, single-crystal and polycrystalline Ge, crystalline MgF2, KDP, and LiNbO3.
  • For anisotropic crystals (MgF2, KDP, LiNbO3), expansion was measured parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis.

    • Main Results:

    • Reported coefficients of linear thermal expansion for all eight materials within the specified temperature range.
    • Detailed data for both isotropic and anisotropic materials, including directional expansion for the latter.
    • The dataset provides a comprehensive resource for thermal management in optical applications.

    Conclusions:

    • The presented thermal expansion data is vital for the precise design and reliable operation of optical components in diverse thermal conditions.
    • This research contributes fundamental material property data essential for advancements in optical engineering and materials science.
    • The findings enable better prediction of dimensional changes in optical elements, improving system stability and longevity.