Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models
Published on: May 9, 2015
Frank F A IJpma1, Robert C van de Graaf, E G J M Robert Pierik
1Isala klinieken, afdeling Heelkunde, Zwolle, The Netherlands. f.f.a.ijpma@isala.nl
Examining historical surgical training in Amsterdam reveals a structured master-apprentice system with a final master's exam. This historical perspective suggests reconsidering modern surgical training and examinations for quality assurance.
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