Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Clinically indicated removal versus routine removal of peripheral venous catheters.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews·2026

Same author

Cognitive mental workload of emergency nursing: A scoping review.

Nursing open·2024

Same author

How registered nurses balance limited resources in order to maintain competence: a grounded theory study.

BMC nursing·2021

Same author

Higher degrees in nursing: traditional research PhD or professional doctorate?

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)·2019

Same author

Barriers to implementing the Sepsis Six guidelines in an acute hospital setting.

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)·2018

Same author

Local Antibiotic Delivery Systems: Current and Future Applications for Diabetic Foot Infections.

The international journal of lower extremity wounds·2018

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

A randomized controlled trial to compare two techniques for partial digital local anesthetic blocks.

Bruce Whiteley¹, Sharon Rees

¹NHS Hounslow Community Healthcare, West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, Middlesex, United Kingdom. bruce.whiteley@hounslowpct.nhs.uk

The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

|March 2, 2010

Summary

A new two-stage local anesthetic injection technique significantly reduces pain intensity and duration during great toe surgery. This method improves patient comfort and safety by minimizing injection-related distress.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Area of Science:

Podiatric surgery
Anesthesiology
Pain management

Background:

Local anesthetic administration for great toe surgery presents challenges.
Patient anxiety and injection pain can lead to complications and delays.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a novel two-stage local anesthetic injection technique.
To compare pain intensity and duration with a traditional single-stage method.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled, single-blinded, parallel-grouped clinical trial.
50 patients received either a one-stage or two-stage injection to the great toe.
Pain was measured using a visual analogue scale and stopwatch duration.

Main Results:

The two-stage technique resulted in significantly lower pain intensity (mild vs. moderate).
Pain duration was also significantly reduced with the two-stage method.
Statistical analysis confirmed the superiority of the two-stage approach.

Conclusions:

The two-stage local anesthetic technique is recommended for adult great toe surgery.
This method enhances patient comfort and potentially reduces surgical risks.
The technique involves initial infiltration followed by a second injection after a short interval.