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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
09:20

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Published on: July 23, 2010

Common importin alpha specificity for papillomavirus E2 proteins.

Xue-Lin Bian1, Van G Wilson

  • 1Department of Biology, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. jbian@tamu.edu

Virus Research
|March 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Papillomavirus E2 proteins bind specifically to viral DNA. These proteins preferentially interact with alpha importins 3 and 5, facilitating nuclear transport during skin cell differentiation.

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A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Virology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Papillomaviruses infect keratinocytes, with viral reproduction linked to skin cell differentiation.
  • The viral E2 protein regulates key nuclear events like transcription, replication, and segregation.
  • E2 nuclear import relies on nuclear localization signals (NLS) interacting with alpha importins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate which specific alpha importins interact with papillomavirus E2 proteins.
  • To explore the role of alpha importin expression during keratinocyte differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro binding studies were conducted using three E2 proteins and five ubiquitous alpha importins.
  • Expression levels of alpha importins were analyzed in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) during differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Papillomavirus E2 proteins showed preferential binding to alpha importins 3 and 5.
  • Minimal to no interaction was observed with alpha importins 1, 4, and 7.
  • Differentiation of HaCaT cells led to a specific increase in alpha importins 3 and 5 expression.

Conclusions:

  • Alpha importins 3 and 5 are likely key mediators of E2 nuclear transport in keratinocytes.
  • The differentiation-specific upregulation of alpha importins 3 and 5 may enhance E2 nuclear uptake during terminal differentiation.