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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Introduction to Sumoylation.

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Viral Interplay with the Host Sumoylation System.

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In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity
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In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

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Sumoylation in Development and Differentiation.

Adeline F Deyrieux1, Van G Wilson2

  • 1Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 8447 HWY 47, Bryan, TX, 77807-1359, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The sumoylation system is crucial for regulating gene expression during tissue development and regeneration. Its proper function ensures normal cellular differentiation, preventing developmental defects and diseases.

Keywords:
Germ cellsGonadsHematopoietic cellsKeratinocytesNeural cellsSENPStem cellsUbc9

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Cellular differentiation is vital for tissue morphogenesis during development and regeneration.
  • Dysregulation of differentiation can lead to embryonic lethality, organ failure, and disease.
  • Transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes orchestrate differentiation via gene expression cascades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the critical role of the sumoylation system in modulating cellular differentiation and tissue development.
  • To review model systems investigating sumoylation's impact on development and regeneration.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of understanding SUMO's regulatory functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sumoylation's role in differentiation.
  • Analysis of model systems examining sumoylation in development.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms involving SUMO modification of transcription factors and chromatin remodelers.

Main Results:

  • Sumoylation is a critical regulator of gene expression cascades essential for differentiation.
  • Inhibition of sumoylation leads to developmental abnormalities and lethality across species.
  • Many key developmental regulators are SUMO modification targets, though functional consequences are often uncharacterized.

Conclusions:

  • Sumoylation plays a profound regulatory role in diverse tissues, impacting development and differentiation.
  • Understanding SUMO's mechanisms is key to advancing developmental biology and stem cell research.
  • Targeting the sumoylation system may offer new therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and disease treatment.