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Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes

Published on: September 13, 2022

Asymmetric Chromosome Establishment and Segregation During Germline Stem Cell Division.

Yijun Liao¹, Xin Chen^2,3

¹Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Germline stem cell (GSC) divisions in Drosophila and C. elegans ensure proper inheritance of epigenetic information via histones. This process is crucial for reproduction and understanding diseases.

Keywords:

Asymmetric cell division C. elegans Chromosome DNA replication Drosophila Epigenetics Germline stem cells Histone Histone variant

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes

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Published on: September 13, 2022

Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II

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Published on: February 26, 2018

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model

Published on: February 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Epigenetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Gametogenesis is a complex differentiation process essential for transmitting genetic and epigenetic information.
Germline stem cells (GSCs) in model organisms like Drosophila and C. elegans are key to initiating gametogenesis.
Epigenetic regulation is vital for balancing differentiation and plasticity during gametogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings on the establishment and segregation of asymmetric sister chromatids during GSC division.
To examine the role of histones in regulating epigenetic information inheritance during GSC asymmetric divisions.
To explore the conservation of these mechanisms across species and their implications for disease and regeneration.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on GSC division, epigenetic regulation, and histone inheritance.
Focus on studies in Drosophila and C. elegans as model systems.
Analysis of histone dynamics and their coordination with mitotic machinery.

Main Results:

Asymmetric sister chromatid segregation during GSC division is critical for maintaining epigenetic fidelity.
Histones, including variants, are dynamically incorporated into chromatin in a cell cycle- and locus-specific manner.
Proper partitioning of chromosome-bound epigenetic differences relies on coordination with the mitotic machinery.

Conclusions:

Understanding histone inheritance during asymmetric GSC divisions is fundamental to reproduction.
These epigenetic mechanisms are potentially conserved beyond the germline, with implications for broader biological processes.
Misregulation of these processes can contribute to disease, while targeted manipulation may aid tissue homeostasis and regeneration.