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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects
06:19

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

[Antivasoproliferative agents in ophthalmology].

Aude Ambresin1, Léonidas Zografos, Irmela Mantel

  • 1Unité de rétine médicale, Hôpital ophtalmique universitaire Jules-Gonin, 1004 Lausanne. Aude.ambresin@fa2.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse
|March 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

New anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies are revolutionizing neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treatment. These agents preserve vision by inhibiting abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage in the eye.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects
06:19

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss.
  • Current treatments aim to inhibit pathological angiogenesis and vascular leakage.
  • Significant advancements have been made in therapeutic strategies targeting VEGF.

Purpose:

  • To review recent advances in anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies for neovascular AMD.
  • To discuss approved and off-label anti-VEGF agents and emerging strategies.
  • To highlight the potential of anti-VEGF therapies for other exudative eye diseases.

Summary:

  • Anti-VEGF agents like ranibizumab and pegaptanib sodium are approved for neovascular AMD, preserving and improving visual acuity.
  • Bevacizumab is used off-label, while novel approaches include small interfering RNA and VEGF trap fusion proteins.
  • These therapies effectively arrest choroidal neovascularization and reduce vascular permeability.

Impact:

  • Anti-VEGF therapies represent a major breakthrough in managing neovascular AMD.
  • Successful clinical application encourages exploration for treating other neovascular and exudative ocular conditions.
  • These treatments offer hope for preserving and restoring vision in patients with severe eye diseases.