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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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Simple selection rules for VUV and XUV diffraction gratings.

E G Loewen, M Neviere

    Applied Optics
    |March 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Diffraction gratings in VUV/XUV regions behave predictably at shallow depths. This study derives universal efficiency curves for metallic gratings, simplifying performance prediction and analysis.

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    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Electromagnetic Theory
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Diffraction gratings are crucial components in VUV and XUV spectroscopy.
    • Current gratings often operate at small incidence angles with shallow groove depths.
    • Understanding grating efficiency is vital for instrument design and performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the electromagnetic behavior of shallow-groove diffraction gratings in the VUV/XUV.
    • To develop a method for predicting grating efficiencies based on fundamental principles.
    • To assess the impact of dielectric overcoatings on grating performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Application of rigorous electromagnetic theory to model grating behavior.
    • Derivation of universal efficiency curves applicable to various metallic surfaces.
    • Analysis of the influence of dielectric overcoatings.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstration that shallow-groove gratings exhibit scalar behavior under specific conditions.
    • Development of universal efficiency curves for predicting grating performance.
    • Quantification of the minimal effect of standard dielectric overcoatings.

    Conclusions:

    • Rigorous electromagnetic theory confirms scalar behavior for common VUV/XUV gratings.
    • Universal efficiency curves provide a simplified tool for grating performance evaluation.
    • Dielectric overcoatings have a negligible impact on the efficiency of these gratings.