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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects
Published on: December 10, 2015
On what it is to fly can tell us something about what it is to live
1Institut d'Histoire et Philosophies des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne, 75006 Paris, France. christophe.malaterre@gmail.com
Abstract:
The plurality of definitions of life is often perceived as an unsatisfying situation stemming from still incomplete knowledge about 'what it is to live' as well as from the existence of a variety of methods for reaching a definition. For many, such plurality is to be remedied and the search for a unique and fully satisfactory definition of life pursued. In this contribution on the contrary, it is argued that the existence of such a variety of definitions of life undermines the very feasibility of ever reaching a unique unambiguous definition. It is argued that focusing on the definitions of specific types of 'living systems'-somehow in the same way that one can define specific types of 'flying systems'-could be more fruitful from a heuristic point of view than looking for 'the' right definition of life, and probably more accurate in terms of carving Nature at its joints.
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