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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
Modern Molecular Taxonomy01:29

Modern Molecular Taxonomy

Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...

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Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing
11:26

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing

Published on: June 3, 2019

Recent advances in single-molecule sequencing.

Regina Treffer1, Volker Deckert

  • 1Institut für Photonische Technologien Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany. regina.treffer@ipht-jena.de <regina.treffer@ipht-jena.de>

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|March 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single-molecule sequencing is advancing with dye-labeling and label-free methods like nanopore conductivity and Raman spectroscopy. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering offers direct DNA/RNA sequence reading without prior labeling.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing
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Pyrosequencing for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Published on: August 22, 2013

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10:00

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Published on: May 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Single-molecule sequencing is a key trend in next-generation sequencing.
  • Current methods often rely on dye labeling, posing limitations.
  • Label-free approaches are emerging for more efficient sequencing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of recent developments in single-molecule sequencing technologies.
  • To discuss advancements in both dye-labeled and label-free sequencing methods.
  • To highlight the potential of tip-enhanced Raman scattering for direct sequence reading.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current dye-labeling strategies in sequencing.
  • Discussion of label-free methods: nanopore conductivity and nano-edge detection.
  • Exploration of Raman spectroscopy, specifically tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS).

Main Results:

  • Dye labeling remains foundational but label-free methods are advancing rapidly.
  • Nanopore-based conductivity detection and Raman spectroscopy show promise.
  • TERS enables direct DNA/RNA sequence identification via spectral differences without labeling.

Conclusions:

  • Label-free sequencing, particularly TERS, represents a significant advancement.
  • These technologies are paving the way for commercial implementation of single-molecule sequencing.
  • Direct spectral reading eliminates the need for prior sample preparation steps.