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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
Published on: January 31, 2025
Spectroscopic assessment of normal cortical bone: differences in relation to bone site and sex
Nikolaos Kourkoumelis1, Margaret Tzaphlidou
1Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece. nkourkou@cc.uoi.gr
Abstract:
Bone is a highly complex, composite tissue and its properties normally vary with age, type, and disorders. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques were used to study the effect of bone sites and sex to mineral and matrix content and composition. The results show that in rats, all inorganic phases consist of poorly crystalline B-type carbonated apatite, while overall mineralization and carbonate content is virtually unaffected among samples. Statistically significant differences were detected for the nonapatitic environments of acid phosphate and carbonate content. The mean values for the Ca/P ratio point to an increasing trend from tibia to forearm, and to femoral sections.
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