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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Graphs of Polar Equations01:17

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The polar coordinate system represents points using a distance from a central point (the pole) and an angle from a reference direction (the polar axis). Unlike rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates are ideal for graphing curves with radial symmetry or periodic behavior.Some general forms of graphs in polar coordinates include the following:Equation of a Circle (Centered at the Pole):A graph where the radius remains constant for all angles traces a circle centered at the pole:Equation of a...
Polar Curves01:19

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The spirograph is a versatile tool for visualizing the relationship between geometry and mathematical representation. In particular, it demonstrates how polar coordinates offer an alternative framework for describing curves in comparison to Cartesian coordinates. Instead of specifying a point by its horizontal and vertical displacements (x, y), polar coordinates use a radius r, the distance from the origin, and an angle θ, measured counterclockwise from the polar axis. This system is...
Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving01:27

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Directional radiation patterns are central to antenna analysis, as they illustrate how signal strength varies with direction. These patterns are often modeled using polar plots, where the radial distance from the origin represents signal intensity at a given angle. A commonly used idealized form is the four-lobed rose curve, which captures the concept of directional beams in a simplified mathematical form.The four-lobed rose curve, described by r = cos⁡(2θ), features four symmetric lobes, each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

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Published on: September 5, 2019

Polarized rainbow.

G P Können, J H de Boer

    Applied Optics
    |March 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Airy theory of rainbows now includes polarized light, providing analytic expressions for intensity distribution. Rainbow polarization is less than predicted, increasing with droplet size.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Atmospheric Optics
    • Light Scattering

    Background:

    • The classical Airy theory explains rainbow phenomena but does not fully account for light polarization.
    • Geometrical optics provides a simplified model for rainbow formation, neglecting wave diffraction effects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To extend the Airy theory of rainbows to incorporate polarized light.
    • To derive analytic expressions for the intensity distribution of polarized light in a rainbow.
    • To investigate the effect of droplet size on rainbow polarization and supernumerary rainbow locations.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing the Airy theory framework, modified to include polarization effects.
    • Deriving analytic expressions for light intensity as a function of scattering angle.

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  • Analyzing the Airy function and its derivative to describe intensity distribution.
  • Comparing theoretical predictions with observations for various droplet sizes.

    • Main Results:

    • A simple analytic expression for polarized rainbow intensity distribution was derived using the Airy function and its derivative.
    • The calculated degree of polarization for rainbows is lower than predicted by geometrical optics.
    • Rainbow polarization increases with increasing water droplet size.
    • For droplets >1 mm, supernumerary rainbow locations coincide for both polarization directions.
    • For droplets <1 mm, supernumerary rainbows of the weaker polarization component are positioned between those of the stronger component.

    Conclusions:

    • The extended Airy theory accurately describes polarized rainbow phenomena, even for small droplet sizes (down to 0.3 mm).
    • The study quantifies the deviation of rainbow polarization from geometrical optics predictions.
    • Droplet size significantly influences both the degree of polarization and the spatial arrangement of supernumerary rainbows.