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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model
07:29

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model

Published on: September 27, 2024

A composite material model for improved bone formation.

Silvia Scaglione1, Erica Lazzarini, Cristina Ilengo

  • 1Department of Informatics, Systemistics and Telematics (DIST), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. silvia.scaglione@unige.it

Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
|March 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed improved bone regeneration scaffolds using poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) particles. Coating HA with sucrose significantly enhanced bone deposition, demonstrating a novel approach for osteoconductive materials.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model
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Published on: September 27, 2024

Biological Compatibility Profile on Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration
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Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance
06:54

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Published on: February 13, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Synthetic polymers and calcium phosphates are used for bone tissue regeneration scaffolds.
  • Current composites often lack sufficient osteoconductivity and cell bioactivation.
  • Maximizing osteoconductive surface area is crucial for cell adhesion and activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create an improved composite bone substitute with enhanced osteoconductivity.
  • To investigate the effect of sucrose coating on hydroxyapatite (HA) particles within poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds.
  • To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of these novel composite scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of highly porous scaffolds using a particulate leaching method.
  • Combination of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) with sucrose-coated or uncoated hydroxyapatite (HA) particles.
  • In vitro and in vivo evaluation of scaffold performance, focusing on cell adhesion, activity, and bone formation.

Main Results:

  • Sucrose-coated HA particles in PCL scaffolds were largely exposed and distinct from the polymer matrix.
  • Uncoated HA particles were significantly embedded within the PCL polymer.
  • In vivo studies showed substantial bone deposition around sucrose-coated HA granules, outperforming uncoated controls.

Conclusions:

  • Sucrose coating effectively enhances the osteoconductivity of HA particles in PCL scaffolds.
  • Scaffold design based on maximizing exposed osteoconductive surfaces improves bone regeneration.
  • This approach offers a promising strategy for developing advanced bone graft substitutes.