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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Environmental Influences on Intelligence01:29

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children from...
Causes of Social Behavior III: Biological and Environmental Influences01:28

Causes of Social Behavior III: Biological and Environmental Influences

Social behavior is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental influences. This intricate interplay shapes how individuals think, feel, and act in various social contexts. Understanding these mechanisms requires insights from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary theory.Environmental Influences on Social BehaviorEnvironmental factors, including temperature, odors, and visual stimuli, play a crucial role in shaping...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Environmental exposures and development.

Donald R Mattison1

  • 1Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. mattisod@mail.nih.gov

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|March 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paternal and maternal environmental exposures to chemicals before, during, and after conception are linked to adverse developmental outcomes. Gene-environment interactions are key, underscoring the need to study parental exposures and gene expression during pregnancy.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental health
  • Developmental toxicology
  • Reproductive medicine

Background:

  • Human pregnancy and development are susceptible to environmental chemical, biological, and physical agents.
  • Exposure sources include pollution, food contaminants, occupational hazards, agricultural chemicals, metals, and organic compounds.
  • Adverse outcomes encompass growth restriction, functional and structural abnormalities, preterm birth, and fetal death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on paternal and maternal environmental exposures to chemicals.
  • To examine the relationship between these exposures and adverse developmental outcomes.
  • To highlight knowledge gaps in understanding these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies.
  • Analysis of environmental exposures and their links to developmental endpoints.
  • Synthesis of findings on gene-environment interactions.

Main Results:

  • Numerous environmental exposures are associated with adverse developmental outcomes.
  • Specific exposures include air/water pollution, food chemicals, occupational agents, metals, and organic compounds.
  • Despite identified links, biological mechanisms and interactions remain incompletely understood.

Conclusions:

  • Gene-environment interactions, not just single genes or exposures, largely drive adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • These interactions can occur in the father, mother, placenta, or fetus.
  • Maternal and paternal exposures, along with gene expression, require critical attention regarding toxicant action before and during pregnancy.