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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
09:33

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

Published on: February 7, 2022

Successive approximation for determining the hydroxyl rotational temperature.

I Takeuchi, K Misawa

    Applied Optics
    |March 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new method approximates hydroxyl rotational temperature faster than traditional techniques. This approach simplifies analyzing numerous spectra, offering a more convenient way to study temperature variations.

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    Published on: August 1, 2017

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    Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

    Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
    09:33

    Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

    Published on: February 7, 2022

    High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
    08:55

    High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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    Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
    07:17

    Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

    Published on: August 1, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Physics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Rotational temperature is a key parameter in atmospheric studies.
    • Traditional methods for determining rotational temperature can be time-consuming.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a successive approximation method for determining hydroxyl rotational temperature.
    • To offer a more efficient alternative to synthetic spectra methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Successive approximation of rotational line intensities.
    • Analysis of resolved lines: [P(1) (4) +P(2) (4)], [P(1) (3) + P2 (3)], and [P1 (2) + P(2) (2)].

    Main Results:

    • The successive approximation method is less time-consuming and more convenient.
    • Effective for analyzing numerous spectra from hydroxyl (OH) bands.
    • Demonstrated by presenting nighttime variations of rotational temperature recorded every 6 minutes.

    Conclusions:

    • The successive approximation technique provides an efficient and convenient approach for rotational temperature determination.
    • This method is particularly advantageous for large-scale spectral data analysis in atmospheric research.