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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
09:36

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Infrared radiometer for the Pioneer Venus orbiter. 1: Instrument description.

F W Taylor, F E Vescelus, J R Locke

    Applied Optics
    |March 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Infrared remote sensing of Venus

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    Published on: May 8, 2015

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    Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
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    Published on: February 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • Venus possesses a dense atmosphere, making direct surface observation challenging.
    • Understanding Venus's atmospheric composition and dynamics is crucial for comparative planetology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the design and operation of an infrared (IR) remote sensing instrument.
    • To present atmospheric observations made by the instrument during the Pioneer Venus mission.

    Main Methods:

    • An IR remote sensing instrument, analogous to those on Earth meteorological satellites, was utilized.
    • The instrument was deployed on the Pioneer Venus orbiter.
    • Data collection occurred over seventy-two orbits from December 1978 to February 1979.

    Main Results:

    • The instrument successfully gathered data on Venus's atmosphere.
    • Optical techniques and instrument implementation details are documented.

    Conclusions:

    • The study details the first dedicated IR remote sensing of Venus's atmosphere from orbit.
    • The findings provide foundational data for future Venus atmospheric studies.