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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
08:13

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation

Published on: November 11, 2025

Managing a child with an external ocular disease.

Inez B Y Wong1, Ken K Nischal

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore. Inez_BY_Wong@nuhs.edu.sg

Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
|March 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This workshop reviews common external eye diseases in children, such as allergic conjunctivitis and persistent epithelial defects. It focuses on diagnosis, management strategies, and new therapies for these pediatric eye conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
08:13

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation

Published on: November 11, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Eye Care

Background:

  • Common external eye diseases in children include allergic conjunctivitis, blepharokeratoconjunctivitis, persistent punctate erosions, and persistent epithelial defects.
  • Accurate diagnosis of these conditions requires a systematic approach and close examination of the ocular microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To familiarize readers with the clinical features and presentations of common pediatric external eye diseases.
  • To discuss management strategies, including newer drugs and therapies.
  • To outline the types and optimal use of ocular lubricants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical features and presentations of common pediatric external eye diseases.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for persistent punctate erosions and epithelial defects.
  • Exploration of current and emerging treatment modalities and lubrication strategies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed descriptions of clinical presentations for allergic conjunctivitis, blepharokeratoconjunctivitis, persistent punctate erosions, and persistent epithelial defects.
  • Emphasis on the importance of a systematic diagnostic process for external eye conditions.
  • Overview of various management options, including novel pharmacological agents and supportive care.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pediatric external eye diseases relies on accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies.
  • Newer drugs and therapies offer improved outcomes for conditions like allergic conjunctivitis and blepharokeratoconjunctivitis.
  • Appropriate use of ocular lubricants is crucial for managing persistent epithelial defects and erosions.