Platycodin d improves the immunogenicity of newcastle disease virus-based recombinant avian influenza vaccine in mice

The development of an effective influenza vaccine is urgently important for controlling outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and reducing the impact of pandemics. The use of an adjuvant in such a vaccine can significantly contribute to improve the immunogenicity. To explore a novel and safe adjuvant for improving the potency of influenza vaccines, platycodin D (1), a saponin from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on the specific cellular and humoral immune responses to Newcastle disease virus-based recombinant avian influenza vaccine (rL-H5) in mice. Compound 1 significantly promoted the concanavalin A (Con A)-, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and the antigen-induced splenocyte proliferation and enhanced the serum antigen-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody titers (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001) in mice immunized with rL-H5. The mRNA expressions of Th1/Th2 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-10) and transcription factors (T-bet and GATA-3) in splenocytes were also markedly up-regulated by 1, compared with the control group immunized with rL-H5 alone (P<0.01 or P<0.001). In addition, 1 remarkably increased the killing activities of natural killer (NK) cells from splenocytes in the immunized mice (P<0.05), which may have important implications for the vaccination against the avian influenza virus. We concluded that 1 could improve the immunogenicity of the rL-H5 vaccine by enhancing both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and that 1 is a promising adjuvant for influenza vaccines.