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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
08:54

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

Published on: February 13, 2018

Optical rain gauge using a divergent beam.

T I Wang, R S Lawrence, M K Tsay

    Applied Optics
    |March 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Measuring rain rates using laser beam scintillations is possible. Divergent laser beams offer less sensitivity to raindrop size, aiding accurate rain rate estimation, especially in longer paths.

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    Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

    Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
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    Published on: February 13, 2018

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    Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction
    08:14

    Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction

    Published on: September 16, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Remote sensing
    • Meteorology

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of rainfall is crucial for various applications, including hydrology and weather forecasting.
    • Optical methods using laser beams offer a potential remote sensing technique for estimating rain rates.
    • Understanding the influence of raindrop size distribution and beam characteristics on optical measurements is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of determining path-averaged rain rates using amplitude scintillations of a divergent laser beam.
    • To compare the performance of divergent (spherical wave) and collimated (plane wave) laser beams for rain rate estimation.
    • To analyze the path-weighting characteristics of divergent versus collimated beams in rain.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing the raindrop-induced amplitude scintillations of a laser beam.
    • Employing a divergent laser beam (spherical wave) and a collimated laser beam (plane wave).
    • Conducting observations on two optical paths: a 200-m path with a collimated beam and a 1000-m path with a divergent beam.

    Main Results:

    • Path-averaged rain rates can be successfully obtained from the amplitude scintillations of a divergent laser beam.
    • Rain rate estimations from a divergent beam exhibit reduced sensitivity to variations in raindrop size distribution compared to a collimated beam.
    • The path-weighting function for a divergent beam is concentrated near the receiver, unlike the uniform weighting of a plane wave.
    • A saturation effect was observed for rain rates exceeding 12 mm/h on the longer path using the divergent beam.

    Conclusions:

    • Divergent laser beams provide a viable method for measuring path-averaged rain rates with improved robustness against drop-size variations.
    • The findings validate the theoretical model through experimental observations on different path lengths and beam types.
    • The observed saturation effect highlights a limitation for very high rainfall rates on longer optical paths.