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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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An introduction to mitochondrial informatics.

Hsueh-Wei Chang1, Li-Yeh Chuang, Yu-Huei Cheng

  • 1Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers human mitochondrial DNA bioinformatics resources, focusing on mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs). It also details the V-MitoSNP freeware tool and related bioinformatics protocols for genetic analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and protein research relies on specialized bioinformatics tools.
  • Mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) are crucial genetic markers requiring efficient analysis methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review publicly available bioinformatics resources for human mtDNA and protein analysis.
  • To introduce and describe the V-MitoSNP freeware tool for mtSNP analysis.
  • To compare various protocols for genetic data input, searching, and analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing public bioinformatics databases and tools.
  • Description of the V-MitoSNP software, including its implementation and workflow.
  • Evaluation of protocols for gene and mtSNP searching, primer design, and virtual electrophoresis.
  • Comparative analysis of databases with similar functionalities.

Main Results:

  • Identification and overview of key public resources for human mtDNA and protein bioinformatics.
  • Demonstration of V-MitoSNP's capabilities in analyzing mtSNPs.
  • Compilation and comparison of diverse bioinformatics protocols for genetic analysis.
  • Integration and assessment of multiple functional databases.

Conclusions:

  • Public resources and tools like V-MitoSNP are essential for advancing human mitochondrial genetics research.
  • Standardized protocols facilitate efficient analysis of mtDNA variations and genotyping.
  • Comparative database analysis aids researchers in selecting appropriate tools for their studies.